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Risk Factors

There are many factors that are believed to contribute to the development or worsening of Dupuytren's disease. These include:

• Gender. Biologic men are more likely to develop the condition than biologic women.
• Ancestry. People of northern European (English, Irish, Scottish, French, and Dutch) and Scandinavian (Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish) ancestry are more likely to develop the condition.
• Heredity. Dupuytren's often runs in families.
• Alcohol use. Drinking alcohol may be associated with Dupuytren's.
• Certain medical conditions. People with diabetes and seizure disorders are more likely to have Dupuytren's.
• Age. The incidence of the condition increases with age.
• Trauma. Dupuytren's disease may appear and/or worsen after trauma — including surgery — to the hand.

Nonsurgical Treatment

Steroid injection. Corticosteroids are powerful anti-inflammatory medications that can be injected into a painful nodule to help reduce symptoms. The effectiveness of a steroid injection varies from patient to patient. While corticosteroids may help with symptoms, they are not likely to keep the disease from getting worse; therefore, they are a treatment, not a cure.

Splinting. While many patients ask about splints to prevent progression of Dupuytren's, splinting is not known to prevent the progression of a finger contracture. Forceful stretching of the contracted finger is not helpful and, in fact, could cause an injury to the finger or hand.

Splinting may be used after surgery for Dupuytren's contracture to protect the surgical site; however, it is not known if wearing a splint reduces the risk of recurrent (repeated) contracture or tightening of the healing wound.

Collagenase injection. The collagen (a type of protein) that makes up a Dupuytren's cord is different than the collagen that makes up the other structures of the hand (e.g. tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and bones). An injectable medication has been developed to take advantage of these differences.

Collagenases are enzymes that break down collagen, and a targeted collagenase was created to specifically break down the collagen in Dupuytren's cords without damaging the collagen of the other important structures of the hand. When injected properly into a Dupuytren's cord, this collagenase can help rupture the cord, allowing for improved motion of the digit (finger or thumb). While the collagenase does not completely remove the cord, symptoms can still be improved following treatment.

Collagenase treatment of Dupuytren's is a two-step process.

• First, the cord is injected with the medication. The medication is then allowed to work for 2 to 3 days.
• Then, at a separate visit, the finger is manipulated (moved in a controlled way by the doctor) until the cord ruptures.

While this is a good non-operative alternative to surgery, it should be noted that recurrence (return) of the disease is higher with this treatment than with surgery. Collagenase injection typically results in less pain and swelling than major surgery and may be a good option in patients with multiple medical issues who are not good candidates for surgery.

Although rare, the injection may cause an allergic reaction or flexor tendon rupture. Other potential complications are the same as those for surgery: infection, nerve or blood vessel injury, pain, and stiffness.

Needle aponeurotomy. Needle aponeurotomy can often be performed in the office with local anesthesia (injection of a numbing medication).

In this procedure, the Dupuytren’s cord is broken up with a small needle that is placed into the cord and then moved precisely until it cuts completely through the cord. While this doesn't remove the cord, putting a break in the cord allows for improved finger motion. As with collagenase injection, recurrence (return) of the disease may be more likely with this treatment than with surgery.

The complications of needle aponeurotomy are rare but may include infection, nerve or blood vessel injury, pain, and stiffness.

Surgical Treatment

If the contracture interferes with hand function, your doctor may recommend surgical treatment. The goal of surgery is to reduce the contracture and improve motion in the affected fingers.

There is no known cure for Dupuytren's contracture; however, surgery is intended to "set back the clock" by reducing the restricting (limiting) effect of the cords by either disrupting or removing them. Unfortunately, the healing tissues will form with the same potential to develop cords in the future — but the gains in hand function can still be significant.

The surgical procedures most commonly performed for Dupuytren's contracture are:

• Fasciotomy
• Partial palmar fasciectomy

Your doctor will talk with you about which procedure is best in your case.

Fasciotomy. In this procedure, your doctor will make an incision in your palm, then divide the thickened cord(s) of tissue. Although the cord itself is not removed, dividing it helps to decrease the contracture and increase movement of the affected finger.

Fasciotomy is typically performed using a local anesthetic that numbs just your hand without putting you to sleep. After the procedure, your wound is often left open and allowed to heal gradually. You will typically have to wear a splint during your recovery.

Because the diseased tissue is not removed, recurrence (return) of the contracture may be more likely for this procedure than for partial palmar fasciectomy (described below).

(Left) Clinical photo shows the contracture of a patient's little finger before fasciotomy. (Right) After the procedure, the patient is able to straighten his finger. The wound is left open to heal.

Partial palmar fasciectomy. In this procedure, your doctor will make an incision, then remove as much of the abnormal tissue and cord(s) as possible to straighten your finger(s). Several types of incisions can be used in a fasciectomy; however, "zig-zag" incisions are typically used. These incisions allow the skin to heal without causing more contracture.

In some cases, your wound will be left open to heal gradually on its own after fasciectomy. In other cases, a skin graft will be needed to help the wound heal. For the skin graft, your doctor will typically take healthy skin from another area of your body and use it to seal the wound. You may have to wear a splint during your recovery.

Partial palmar fasciectomy is a more extensive (bigger) procedure than fasciotomy. It generally means more wound care and physical therapy, a longer healing time, and greater patient effort during recovery. However, the benefit is removal of as much of the diseased tissue as possible, which can help prevent recurrence (return) of the disease.

Of note, in some very severe cases, your doctor may recommend applying a Digit Widget® to the affected finger before surgery. This device, which is typically applied in an operating room, gradually stretches out the finger and cord(s) over about 6 weeks, which can make the Dupuytren's surgery easier to perform, safer, and, potentially, more effective. The device can be removed at the time of the partial palmar fasciectomy.

(Left) Clinical photo shows the zig-zag incisions commonly used in a subtotal palmar fasciectomy. (Right) Following wound healing, this patient has good finger extension and improved function in his hand.

Complications. As with any surgery, there are risks associated with surgery for Dupuytren's contracture. The likelihood of complications increases with the following:

• The severity of the contracture
• The number of contractures addressed in a single procedure
• The presence of any other medical conditions

Your doctor will discuss each of the risks with you and will take specific steps to help avoid potential complications. Possible risks and complications of surgery for Dupuytren's include:

• Pain
• Scarring
• Injury to nerves and/or blood vessels
• Wound infection
• Stiffness
• Loss of sensation; temporary loss of sensation may result from stretching nerves that have been contracted for a long time
• Loss of viability (ability to live) of a finger/loss of a finger (rare)

You may need to wear a splint to help protect your hand after surgery.

Recovery. Severe problems are not common after surgery, but you should expect some pain, swelling, and stiffness. Although the goal of surgery is to improve the ability to straighten the digits, sometimes patients can lose the ability to bend the involved digits due to stiffness. Elevating your hand above your heart and gently moving your fingers will help decrease swelling and should improve stiffness.

Physical therapy can help improve strength and function in your fingers and hand, reduce swelling, and aid in wound care. Often, a hand therapist will make a splint for you to wear during recovery.

Outcomes. Most patients have improved movement in their fingers after surgery. However, because the condition is not "cured" with surgery, about 20% of patients will experience a meaningful degree of contracture recurrence (the contracture comes back). Additional surgery may be required for some patients.